Asian Affairs 3 by Routledge

Author:Routledge
Language: eng
Format: epub

Beijing

18

Shanghai

5

Tianjin

2

Provinces

Fujian

3

Gansu

15

Guangdong

1

Hebei

12

Heilongjiang

103

Hubei

1

Jiangsu

6

Jiangxi

1

Jilin

8

Liaoning

20

Qinghai

5

Shanxi

1

Shaanxi

5

Shandong

6

Sichuan

6

Zhejiang

1

Autonomous regions

Nei Monggol (Inner Mongolia)

53

Ningxia Hui

1

Xinjiang-Uighur

2662 Total: 2935

Source: Minzu Yanjiu, Vol. 6 (1984), p. 74.

“schismatics”) or “Old Believers” (Russ. Starovery) who were fleeing religious persecution in Tsarist Russia. As early as the 1780s, some Raskol’niki attempted to cross into Chinese territory to escape famine, but they were turned back by Chinese officials. In the 19th century, another group of these would-be immigrants were only slightly more successful. When the Russian explorer Nikolai Przhevalsky arrived at Lop Nor in 1877, he heard rumours among the Loplik fishermen about a group of Raskol’niki who had settled in the area in the mid-1800s, supposedly in search of the promised Strany Belovod’ia or “White Water Land” of Raskol’niki traditional belief. According to the account given to Przhevalsky, they arrived in the Lop area on horseback in 1861, and numbered some 160 people. They settled southwest of the lake, living in mud huts and surviving

Year Figure Source

1924 4000 The Nansen Office (quoted in John Hope Simpson, The

. Refugee Problem, Report of A Survey, London, 1939,

p. 496).

1928 13,858 John Hope Simpson, The Refugee Problem. Report of A

Survey, London, 1939, p. 496, note 2 (quoting I.L.O. Studies and reports: Series O (Migration), No. 6. World Statistics of Aliens, p. 211. According to the report there were 8450 men and 5408 women in 1928).

1936 10,000 Sun Fukun, Sulian lueduo Xinjiang jishi, Taibei, 1952.

1936 60,000 Kao Shi-ping, “Sinkiang”, in: Shih,C. Y. and Chang, C. H.

• (eds) The Chinese Yearbook 1936-1937, Shanghai, 1936,

p. 170.

1939 25,000 John Hope Simpson, The Refugee Problem. Report of A

Survey, London, 1939, p. 496, note 2.

1940-1941 13,408 Martin R. Norins, Gateway to Asia, New York, 1944,

p. 110.

1944 13,000 Owen Lattimore, Pivot of Asia. Sinkiang and the Inner

Asian Frontier of-China and Russia, Boston, 1950, p. 106. 1946 19,392 She Lingyun, “Yi jingji jianshe jiu Xinjiang yongjiu

heping”, Tianshan Yuegan Vol. 1 (15 October 1947), pp. 9-15.

1948 40,000 Roostam Sadri, “The Islamic Republic of Eastern

Turkestan: A Commemorative Review”, Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs Vol. 5 (1984), p. 295.

1948 24,646 llhan Musabay, “DieBev61kerungOstturkestans”,Ci///Mra

Turcica Vols V-VII (1978), p. 49.

1949 19,500 Wang Xianghong, “Xinjiang Xiaoshu Minzu Renkou

Fazhan Wenti de Tantao”, Xinjiang Shehui Kexue Yanjiu Dongtai, No. 30 (1986), pp. 1-5.

on agriculture, fishing and hunting of local game such as the wild boar.

Similar stories about Raskol’niki settlements were heard by other travellers to Xinjiang, among them the Swedish explorer Sven Hedin. According to information collected by Hedin, the Raskol’niki had arrived in the Lop area from the town of Korle. They managed to remain near the Lop Lake for three years but were finally driven out of the region by Ashurt Bek of Turfan.23 Przhevalsky confirmed their explusion from the region, adding that the group was finally escorted all the way to Urumqi.24 Their collective fate is unknown.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries small numbers of “Old Believers” continued to cross the Chinese-Russian border. Most of them arrived after the Russian Revolution.25 These later arrivals fared rather better than those who attempted to settle in the Lop area. The later

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